Get Help

Toll Free Number: 1800 891 4416
Emergency Number: 14416

Get Help

Category: Articles

Gaming Disorder

Posted on by Amit Kumar

Overview

Gaming disorder is characterized by a pattern of persistent or recurrent gaming behavior that takes precedence over other life interests and activities, resulting in significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, or occupational functioning. In India, the rapid growth of the gaming industry, along with easy access to smartphones and affordable data plans, has led to a surge in gaming addiction among youth. While gaming can be a healthy recreational activity, excessive and uncontrolled gaming can have detrimental effects on mental health and wellbeing. The lure of online multiplayer games, competitive gaming, and virtual rewards can make it difficult for individuals to disengage, leading to addiction.

Key Facts

  • Prevalence: Around 810% of Indian adolescents and young adults exhibit symptoms of gaming disorder, with the numbers rising due to increased access to smartphones and the internet.
  • Demographics: The majority of those affected are males aged 1530, though younger children are also increasingly at risk.
  • Gaming Duration: On average, Indian gamers spend 23 hours daily on gaming, with some engaging for much longer periods, especially during the COVID19 pandemic.
  • Mental Health Impact: Gaming disorder is linked to higher levels of anxiety, depression, social isolation, and sleep disturbances.
  • WHO Classification: In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially recognized gaming disorder as a mental health condition.

 

Symptoms and Patterns

Gaming disorder manifests through various psychological, behavioral, and physical symptoms. Common signs include:

 Psychological Symptoms:

  • Preoccupation with gaming, even when not playing.
  • Inability to reduce or stop gaming despite attempts.
  • Using gaming as a way to escape from negative emotions or reallife problems.
  • Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities.
  • Anxiety, depression, or irritability when not gaming.

 Behavioral Symptoms:

  • Neglecting personal, academic, or professional responsibilities to continue gaming.
  • Decreased social interactions, leading to social isolation.
  • Lying to family members or others about the amount of time spent gaming.
  • Continued gaming despite negative consequences, such as poor academic performance or strained relationships.

 Physical Symptoms:

  • Fatigue due to latenight gaming sessions.
  • Sleep disturbances or insomnia.
  • Eye strain, headaches, and back or wrist pain from prolonged screen time.
  • Neglecting personal hygiene and health.

Patterns:

  • Binge Gaming: Engaging in extended gaming sessions that can last for hours or even days, often without breaks.
  • Escalating Time Spent Gaming: Gradual increase in gaming hours, often leading to neglect of other responsibilities.
  • Avoidance of RealLife Activities: Preference for gaming over reallife social interactions, academics, or work.

Risks and Protective Factors

Risks:

  • Age: Adolescents and young adults are particularly vulnerable to gaming disorder due to their developmental stage and susceptibility to peer influence.
  • Psychological Vulnerabilities: Individuals with low selfesteem, anxiety, depression, or social anxiety may use gaming as a coping mechanism, increasing the risk of addiction.
  • Easy Accessibility: The availability of gaming on multiple platforms (smartphones, PCs, consoles) and the rise of freetoplay games make gaming more accessible and harder to regulate.
  • Social Influence: Peer pressure and the desire to fit in with online communities can drive excessive gaming.
  • Lack of Supervision: Inadequate parental supervision and monitoring of gaming habits can lead to unchecked gaming behavior.

Protective Factors:

  • Parental Involvement: Active parental monitoring and setting limits on gaming time can reduce the risk of gaming disorder.
  • Balanced Lifestyle: Encouraging a healthy balance between gaming and other activities, such as sports, hobbies, and social interactions, can protect against addiction.
  • Digital Literacy: Educating individuals about the potential risks of excessive gaming and teaching them how to manage their screen time effectively.
  • Strong Social Support: Having supportive family and friends who encourage offline activities and healthy habits can help prevent gaming addiction.
  • Engagement in RealLife Activities: Participation in extracurricular activities, community events, and offline social interactions can reduce reliance on gaming for fulfillment.

Treatment and Care

Addressing gaming disorder in India requires a comprehensive approach that includes education, behavior modification, and professional support:

  • Digital Detox: Encouraging individuals to take breaks from gaming and engage in offline activities, such as sports, hobbies, or spending time with family and friends.
  • Therapy: Counseling or therapy can help individuals understand the underlying emotional issues driving their gaming behavior and develop healthier coping mechanisms. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is particularly effective in treating gaming disorder.
  • Parental Guidance: For younger individuals, parents can play a critical role by setting boundaries around gaming, monitoring online activities, and promoting a balanced lifestyle.
  • Support Groups: Group therapy or support groups for individuals with gaming disorder can provide a sense of community and shared experiences, helping individuals overcome addiction.

Medicines

While medication is not the primary treatment for gaming disorder, it may be considered in cases where the addiction is linked to underlying mental health conditions, such as anxiety, depression, or ADHD. Common medications include:

  • Antidepressants: SSRIs or other antidepressants may be prescribed if the individual is also suffering from depression or anxiety.
  • Anxiolytics: Shortterm use of antianxiety medications may be considered for individuals experiencing severe anxiety linked to gaming withdrawal.
  • Stimulants: In cases where ADHD is present, stimulant medications may help manage symptoms and reduce the need for excessive gaming as a coping mechanism.

Note: Medications should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional and in conjunction with therapy or other psychosocial interventions.

Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is one of the most effective treatments for gaming disorder. It helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors related to gaming and develop healthier ways to cope with stress and emotions.

Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Mindfulness practices, such as meditation and deep breathing exercises, can help individuals manage the urges to game and reduce stress.

Psychoeducation: Educating individuals and their families about the risks of gaming disorder and the importance of maintaining a healthy balance between online and offline activities.

Behavioral Interventions: Techniques such as setting time limits on gaming, using rewards for reducing gaming time, and encouraging engagement in other activities can help manage gaming disorder.

Family Therapy: Involving the family in therapy can help address any underlying family dynamics that may be contributing to the individual’s gaming disorder and improve communication and support within the family.

SchoolBased Interventions: Schools can play a role by educating students about the risks of excessive gaming, promoting digital literacy, and offering support for students who may be struggling with gaming addiction.

Conclusion

Gaming disorder is an emerging mental health challenge in India, particularly among adolescents and young adults. While gaming can offer entertainment and social connection, excessive and uncontrolled gaming can lead to significant mental health issues and impair daily functioning. By promoting digital literacy, encouraging balanced lifestyles, and providing access to mental health resources, India can help individuals manage their gaming habits and prevent addiction. Addressing gaming disorder is crucial for ensuring the wellbeing of the younger generation in an increasingly digital world.

Browse By Categories

Articles (100)

Anger and Aggression

Posted on by Amit Kumar

Overview

Anger is a natural emotion that everyone experiences, but when it becomes uncontrollable or leads to aggression, it can be harmful. In India, cultural and societal factors can both trigger and suppress anger, leading to a complex relationship with this emotion. Unmanaged anger can manifest as aggression, both verbal and physical, and can severely impact personal and professional relationships. Additionally, the stress of modern life, along with economic and social pressures, can exacerbate angerrelated issues. Understanding and addressing anger and aggression in a healthy way is crucial for maintaining mental and emotional wellbeing.

Key Facts

  • Prevalence: Angerrelated issues affect about 1520% of India’s population, with higher rates among adolescents and young adults.
  • Impact on Relationships: Uncontrolled anger and aggression can lead to strained relationships, social isolation, and even violence.
  • Triggers: Common triggers in India include stress, societal pressure, financial issues, trafficrelated frustrations, and family conflicts.
  • Age Group: Anger issues are most common in the 1535 age group, but they can affect people of all ages.
  • Consequences: Chronic anger can lead to mental health disorders like depression and anxiety, as well as physical health issues such as high blood pressure and heart disease.

 

 Symptoms and Patterns

Anger and aggression can present themselves in various ways, often with physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. These include:

  • Physical Symptoms: Increased heart rate, tense muscles, headaches, and sweating during episodes of anger.
  • Emotional Symptoms: Feelings of frustration, irritability, resentment, and a desire for revenge.
  • Behavioral Symptoms: Yelling, arguing, physical violence, breaking things, and passive aggressive behaviors.

Patterns:

  • Sudden Outbursts: Anger that escalates quickly in response to perceived threats or frustrations.
  • Chronic Anger: Persistent feelings of irritation and frustration, often over minor issues.
  •   Passive Aggression: Indirect expressions of anger through sarcasm, procrastination, or subtle sabotage.

In India, anger may be suppressed due to cultural norms, leading to passiveaggressive behaviors or emotional breakdowns when anger finally surfaces. Alternatively, unchecked anger can lead to aggression, particularly in highstress environments like traffic, workplaces, or households under financial strain.

 Risks and Protective Factors

Risks:

  • Cultural and Societal Pressures: Expectations to conform to societal norms, gender roles, and family obligations can lead to repressed anger, eventually manifesting as aggression.
  • Stress and Overwork: High levels of stress, particularly in urban areas, due to work pressure, financial issues, and traffic, are significant triggers for anger and aggression.
  • Exposure to Violence: Witnessing or experiencing violence, whether in the home or community, can increase the risk of developing aggressive behaviors.
  • Poor Coping Mechanisms: Lack of emotional regulation skills or healthy coping mechanisms can lead to uncontrolled anger.
  • Mental Health Disorders: Underlying mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, or PTSD can exacerbate anger and aggression.

Protective Factors:

  • Strong Support Systems: Having close relationships with family and friends who can offer emotional support can help individuals manage anger in healthier ways.
  • Emotional Awareness: Being aware of one’s emotional triggers and responses can reduce the likelihood of uncontrolled anger.
  • Healthy Coping Strategies: Engaging in activities like meditation, physical exercise, and hobbies can help manage stress and anger.
  • Education and Awareness: Awareness of the consequences of unchecked anger and learning anger management techniques can protect against aggressive outbursts.
  • Cultural Practices: Traditional practices such as yoga and mindfulness, rooted in Indian culture, can help in emotional regulation.

 Treatment and Care

Managing anger and aggression involves a combination of selfawareness, emotional regulation, and professional support:

  • Anger Management Programs: Structured programs that teach individuals how to recognize and control their anger can be very effective. These programs often include techniques for relaxation, cognitive restructuring, and problemsolving.
  • Therapy: Individual or group therapy can help individuals explore the underlying causes of their anger and develop healthier ways to express their emotions.
  • Family Counseling: In cases where family dynamics contribute to anger issues, family counseling can be beneficial to improve communication and reduce conflict.
  • Stress Management: Techniques such as deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, and mindfulness can help reduce overall stress levels and prevent anger from escalating.

 Medicines

Medication may be considered in cases where anger and aggression are linked to underlying mental health conditions, or when these emotions become unmanageable through behavioral interventions alone. Common medications include:

  • Antidepressants: SSRIs or other antidepressants may be prescribed if the anger is related to depression or anxiety disorders.
  • Mood Stabilizers: These can help manage mood swings that lead to sudden outbursts of anger.
  • AntiAnxiety Medications: In cases where anxiety triggers anger, medications like benzodiazepines may be prescribed, but they are generally used for shortterm treatment due to the risk of dependency.
  • Antipsychotics: For severe aggression, particularly when associated with conditions like bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, antipsychotic medications may be considered.

Note: Medications should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional and ideally combined with therapy or psychosocial interventions.

 Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is one of the most effective treatments for anger management. It helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns that lead to anger and teaches them how to respond to triggers in healthier ways.

Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Mindfulness meditation, deep breathing, and relaxation exercises can help individuals stay calm and reduce the intensity of their anger. These techniques also promote selfawareness and emotional regulation.

Psychoeducation: Educating individuals about the impact of anger on their health, relationships, and wellbeing can motivate them to seek help and adopt healthier behaviors.

Conflict Resolution Training: Teaching individuals how to resolve conflicts peacefully and communicate effectively can reduce the likelihood of aggression in challenging situations.

Support Groups: Participating in anger management support groups allows individuals to share their experiences and learn coping strategies from others facing similar challenges.

Behavioral Interventions: Techniques such as timeout (removing oneself from a situation before anger escalates) and thoughtstopping (interrupting negative thought patterns) can help manage aggressive impulses.

Cultural and CommunityBased Interventions: Engaging in traditional practices like yoga, spiritual activities, and community service can help channel anger into positive, constructive actions and reduce the tendency toward aggression.

 Conclusion

Anger and aggression are significant mental health challenges in India, impacting individuals across all age groups and backgrounds. While anger is a normal emotion, it becomes problematic when it leads to aggression or disrupts daily life. By promoting emotional awareness, offering therapeutic interventions, and providing access to support systems, India can help individuals manage their anger in healthier ways, ultimately improving their mental and emotional wellbeing. Addressing the roots of anger and offering sustainable solutions is crucial for building a more peaceful and emotionally balanced society.

Browse by Categories

Articles (100)

Social Media Addiction

Posted on by Amit Kumar

Overview

Social media addiction refers to an excessive and compulsive use of social media platforms, leading to negative impacts on an individual’s mental, emotional, and physical wellbeing. In India, where smartphone and internet penetration have surged, social media has become a central part of daily life. While these platforms offer connection, entertainment, and information, their addictive nature poses significant mental health risks. The constant need to check notifications, compare oneself with others, and seek validation through likes and comments can lead to anxiety, depression, and social isolation. As more young people in India become engrossed in their digital lives, addressing social media addiction is becoming increasingly critical in the mental health space.

Key Facts

  • Prevalence: Over 40% of Indian social media users show signs of addiction, with the highest rates among teenagers and young adults.
  • Time Spent: On average, Indians spend about 2.5 to 3 hours daily on social media, with platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and WhatsApp being the most popular.
  • Mental Health Impact: Excessive social media use is linked to increased anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, and lower selfesteem.
  • Age Group: Adolescents and young adults (1524 years) are the most vulnerable to social media addiction in India.
  • Consequences: Social media addiction can lead to impaired academic and work performance, disrupted relationships, and poor mental health.

 

Symptoms and Patterns

Social media addiction manifests through various psychological, behavioral, and physical symptoms. Common signs include:

  • Emotional Symptoms: Anxiety, mood swings, feelings of inadequacy, and a fear of missing out (FOMO).
  • Cognitive Symptoms: Preoccupation with social media, inability to concentrate on tasks without checking social platforms, and distorted selfimage based on online interactions.
  • Physical Symptoms: Sleep disturbances, eye strain, headaches, and fatigue due to prolonged screen time.
  • Behavioral Symptoms: Compulsive checking of social media accounts, neglecting personal or professional responsibilities, withdrawal from offline social interactions, and irritability when unable to access social media.
  • Patterns: Social media addiction often follows a pattern of escalation, where individuals gradually increase their time spent online. It can also be cyclical, with users oscillating between periods of heavy use and attempts to reduce their usage, often failing to maintain a balance.

Risks and Protective Factors

Risks:

  • Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Teenagers and young adults are at higher risk due to their developmental stage, peer pressure, and the desire for social validation.
  • Psychological Vulnerabilities: Individuals with low selfesteem, social anxiety, or existing mental health issues are more susceptible to social media addiction.
  • Peer Influence: The social pressure to be active on platforms and maintain a certain online image can drive excessive use.
  • Easy Accessibility: The widespread availability of smartphones and affordable data plans in India increases the risk of addiction.
  • AlgorithmDriven Content: Social media algorithms are designed to keep users engaged, often leading to prolonged use and dependency.

Protective Factors:

  • Healthy Offline Relationships: Strong, supportive relationships with family and friends in the real world can reduce reliance on social media for connection and validation.
  • Digital Literacy: Awareness of the potential harms of excessive social media use and strategies for maintaining a healthy balance can protect against addiction.
  • Engagement in Offline Activities: Involvement in hobbies, sports, and social events outside the digital world can reduce time spent on social media.
  • Self Regulation: Developing selfdiscipline and setting boundaries around social media use can help prevent addictive behaviors.
  • Parental and Educational Guidance: Parents and educators can play a crucial role in helping young people manage their social media use by promoting healthy habits and offering guidance on responsible online behavior.

Treatment and Care

Addressing social media addiction in India requires a multifaceted approach that includes individual, familial, and community interventions:

  • Digital Detox: Encouraging individuals to take regular breaks from social media, set screen time limits, and engage in offline activities to reduce dependency.
  • Counseling and Therapy: Therapy can help individuals understand the underlying emotional issues driving their social media use, develop healthier coping mechanisms, and regain control over their habits.
  • Parental Involvement: For younger users, parents should actively monitor and guide their children’s social media use, promoting a balanced lifestyle.
  • Educational Programs: Schools and colleges can implement programs that educate students about the risks of social media addiction and teach digital literacy skills.
  • Mindful Usage: Encouraging mindful social media use, where individuals are conscious of their time spent online and the content they consume, can help mitigate addiction.

Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals identify and challenge the thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their social media addiction. It also aids in developing healthier habits and coping strategies.

Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Mindfulness practices, such as meditation and deep breathing exercises, can help individuals manage the stress and anxiety associated with social media use and foster a healthier relationship with technology.

Group Therapy and Support Groups: Participating in group therapy or support groups allows individuals to share their experiences, reduce feelings of isolation, and learn strategies for managing their addiction from others facing similar challenges.

Digital Literacy Programs: Psychoeducation about the impact of social media on mental health, coupled with practical strategies for selfregulation, can empower individuals to take control of their social media habits.

Behavioral Interventions: Gradual reduction techniques, where individuals slowly decrease their social media use, can help break the cycle of addiction. This can be paired with rewards for offline achievements to reinforce positive behavior.

SchoolBased Interventions: Schools can implement programs that promote healthy digital habits, encourage facetoface interactions, and provide resources for students struggling with social media addiction.

Conclusion

Social media addiction is an emerging mental health challenge in India, particularly among the youth. The allure of constant connectivity, coupled with the pressures of online life, can lead to compulsive use and negative mental health outcomes. By fostering digital literacy, promoting mindful usage, and providing access to mental health resources, India can help its citizens navigate the digital world without compromising their wellbeing. Addressing social media addiction is essential for ensuring a balanced, healthy lifestyle in an increasingly connected world.

Browse By Categories

Articles

Social Isolation

Posted on by Amit Kumar

Overview

Social isolation refers to a lack of social connections and meaningful interactions with others. In India, where community and family bonds traditionally play a significant role in people’s lives, social isolation is emerging as a growing concern. Factors such as urbanization, the breakdown of joint families, increased reliance on technology for communication, and the pressures of modern life contribute to social isolation. This phenomenon can lead to loneliness, a sense of disconnection, and a profound impact on mental health. While social isolation is often associated with the elderly, it increasingly affects younger populations, including students and working professionals. Addressing social isolation is critical to improving mental health and wellbeing in India.

Key Facts

  • Prevalence: Around 10% of India’s population, particularly in urban areas, experiences significant social isolation, with higher rates among the elderly, students, and professionals.
  • Impact on Mental Health: Social isolation is strongly linked to mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline.
  • Pandemic Effect: The COVID19 pandemic exacerbated social isolation, leading to a surge in loneliness, stress, and mental health issues across all age groups.
  • Age Group: The elderly and young adults (1830 years) are particularly vulnerable to the effects of social isolation in India.
  • Consequences: Prolonged social isolation can lead to chronic loneliness, deteriorating physical health, and an increased risk of suicide.

 

Symptoms and Patterns

Social isolation manifests through various emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms. Common indicators include:

  • Emotional Symptoms: Feelings of loneliness, sadness, anxiety, and helplessness.
  • Cognitive Symptoms: Difficulty concentrating, negative thinking, low selfworth, and a sense of meaninglessness.
  • Physical Symptoms: Fatigue, sleep disturbances, weakened immune system, and poor physical health due to a lack of activity or selfcare.
  • Behavioral Symptoms: Withdrawing from social activities, avoiding interactions, reluctance to seek help, and excessive use of digital platforms as a substitute for reallife connections.
  • Patterns: Social isolation in India often occurs gradually, starting with reduced social interactions and eventually leading to complete withdrawal. The elderly may experience isolation due to the loss of a spouse or children moving away, while younger people may isolate themselves due to academic or professional pressures, or as a coping mechanism for stress.

Risks and Protective Factors

Risks:

  • Urbanization: The shift towards nuclear families, migration for work or education, and the anonymity of urban life can lead to social isolation.
  • Technology Overuse: Excessive reliance on social media and virtual interactions can create a false sense of connection while deepening realworld isolation.
  • Elderly Population: The elderly are at a higher risk of social isolation due to retirement, physical health issues, and the loss of loved ones.
  • Mental Health Stigma: Fear of judgment or discrimination may prevent individuals from seeking help, increasing their isolation.
  • Cultural Changes: The erosion of traditional support systems, such as joint families and community networks, contributes to a rise in social isolation.

Protective Factors:

  • Strong Social Networks: Maintaining close relationships with family and friends, and participating in community activities, can protect against social isolation.
  • Cultural Practices: In India, cultural and religious gatherings often serve as important social connectors, reducing the risk of isolation.
  • Mental Health Awareness: Increased awareness and acceptance of mental health issues can encourage individuals to seek help and reduce isolation.
  • Community Support: Engaging in local community activities, volunteer work, or support groups can provide social interaction and a sense of belonging.
  • Intergenerational Bonds: Encouraging interaction between different generations within families and communities can help reduce the isolation felt by both the elderly and the young.

Treatment and Care

Addressing social isolation in India requires a comprehensive approach that includes both individual and communitylevel interventions:

  • Building Social Connections: Encouraging individuals to maintain or rebuild social ties through regular interactions with family, friends, and community members.
  • Counseling and Therapy: Therapy can help individuals manage feelings of loneliness, improve social skills, and rebuild confidence to engage in social activities.
  • Community Initiatives: Community centers, clubs, and NGOs can organize activities and support groups to foster social connections among isolated individuals.
  • Technology for Connection: While excessive technology use can exacerbate isolation, it can also be a tool for connection when used mindfully. Virtual communities, social apps, and online therapy platforms can help bridge gaps for those physically isolated.
  • Promoting Inclusivity: Creating inclusive environments in schools, workplaces, and communities that welcome individuals from diverse backgrounds can reduce isolation.

Medicines

Medication is generally not the primary treatment for social isolation, but it may be necessary if isolation leads to or exacerbates mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety. Common medications include:

  • Antidepressants: SSRIs and other antidepressants may be prescribed to treat depression associated with chronic loneliness and social isolation.
  • Anxiolytics: These medications can help manage acute anxiety symptoms that may arise from social interactions or the fear of social engagement.
  • Sleep Aids: For those experiencing sleep disturbances due to loneliness or anxiety, shortterm use of sleep aids may be considered.

Note: Medications should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional and ideally combined with psychosocial interventions.

Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals challenge and change negative thought patterns that contribute to social isolation, such as fears of rejection or inadequacy.

Group Therapy: Group therapy provides a supportive environment where individuals can share their experiences, reduce feelings of loneliness, and practice social skills in a safe space.

Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Mindfulness practices can help individuals manage feelings of loneliness and anxiety, fostering a greater sense of selfcompassion and connection to the present moment.

Psychoeducation: Educating individuals about the effects of social isolation and providing strategies to reengage socially can empower them to take proactive steps toward rebuilding connections.

CommunityBased Interventions: Initiatives that promote social inclusion, such as community outreach programs, elder care services, and intergenerational activities, can reduce social isolation at a broader level.

Support Groups: Participating in support groups, either in person or online, can provide individuals with a sense of belonging and reduce the emotional impact of isolation.

Conclusion

Social isolation is a growing mental health concern in India, affecting people across different age groups and socioeconomic backgrounds. While the causes of isolation are varied, the consequences are uniformly detrimental to both mental and physical health. By fostering social connections, promoting mental health awareness, and providing access to community support and professional care, India can address the challenges of social isolation and improve the wellbeing of its population.

Browse By Categories

Articles

Digital Cyber Bullying

Posted on by Amit Kumar

Overview

Digital or cyberbullying refers to the use of technology—such as social media, messaging apps, or online gaming platforms—to harass, threaten, or humiliate others. In India, the rise in internet penetration and smartphone usage has also brought a surge in cyberbullying incidents. Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying can occur 24/7, making it difficult for victims to find respite. The anonymity of online platforms often emboldens perpetrators, leading to repeated and severe forms of harassment. In the context of mental health, cyberbullying can have devastating effects, especially among young people who are highly active online. The psychological impact of cyberbullying is profound, making it a critical issue to address in India’s mental health landscape.

Key Facts

  • Prevalence: Nearly 37% of Indian children and adolescents have experienced cyberbullying, with social media platforms being the most common sites for such incidents.
  • Mental Health Impact: Victims of cyberbullying are more likely to suffer from anxiety, depression, low selfesteem, and even suicidal thoughts.
  • Age Group: The most affected age group is between 12 to 18 years, with incidents increasingly reported among younger children as well.
  • Gender: Both boys and girls are equally vulnerable, although girls may face more genderbased harassment online.
  • Consequences: Cyberbullying can lead to longterm emotional trauma, social withdrawal, academic decline, and in severe cases, selfharm.

 

Symptoms and Patterns

The effects of cyberbullying may not always be immediately visible but can deeply impact the victim’s mental and emotional wellbeing. Common symptoms include:

  • Emotional Symptoms: Anxiety, depression, anger, feelings of helplessness, and fear.
  • Cognitive Symptoms: Difficulty concentrating, negative thinking, low selfworth, and constant worry about online interactions.
  • Physical Symptoms: Sleep disturbances, headaches, stomachaches, and other stressrelated physical issues.
  • Behavioral Symptoms: Social withdrawal, avoiding school or social activities, sudden changes in online behavior, or excessive use of social media in fear of missing out on potential threats.
  • Patterns: In India, cyberbullying often revolves around social media platforms, with patterns including repeated harassment, spreading rumors, sharing private information without consent, and exclusion from online groups. Victims may be targeted for their appearance, academic performance, caste, religion, or gender.

Risks and Protective Factors

Risks:

  • Increased Screen Time: Higher screen time and unsupervised internet use, especially among children and teenagers, heighten the risk of cyberbullying.
  • Anonymity of Perpetrators: The ability to hide behind fake profiles makes it easier for bullies to harass victims without fear of consequences.
  • Social Media Culture: The pressure to maintain a certain image online and the prevalence of trolling and toxic behavior on platforms can make individuals vulnerable.
  • Lack of Awareness: Many parents, teachers, and students in India are not fully aware of the signs of cyberbullying or how to address it.
  • Stigma: Fear of being labeled as weak or oversensitive may prevent victims from reporting cyberbullying, allowing the problem to persist.

Protective Factors:

  • Parental Supervision: Active monitoring of children’s online activities by parents can help identify and prevent cyberbullying incidents.
  • Digital Literacy: Teaching children and adolescents about safe online behavior, privacy settings, and how to report inappropriate content can empower them to protect themselves.
  • Supportive Social Networks: Having strong, supportive relationships with family and friends can help mitigate the emotional impact of cyberbullying.
  • School Policies: Schools that implement antibullying policies and promote digital citizenship can reduce the incidence of cyberbullying.
  • Mental Health Education: Raising awareness about the mental health effects of cyberbullying can encourage victims to seek help and reduce the stigma around reporting.

Treatment and Care

Addressing the effects of cyberbullying in India requires a combination of preventive measures and supportive care:

  • Early Intervention: Identifying and addressing cyberbullying early can prevent longterm psychological damage. Schools and parents should be vigilant and responsive to signs of cyberbullying.
  • Counseling and Therapy: Victims of cyberbullying may benefit from counseling or therapy to process their experiences, rebuild selfesteem, and develop coping strategies.
  • Parental Involvement: Parents should be actively involved in their children’s online lives, maintaining open communication and providing emotional support.
  • Peer Support: Encouraging victims to connect with friends or peer groups who can offer understanding and solidarity can help them feel less isolated.
  • Online Safety Measures: Educating students on privacy settings, blocking/reporting features, and safe online behavior can reduce the likelihood of being targeted.

Medicines

Medication may be prescribed in severe cases where cyberbullying leads to significant mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, or insomnia. Common medications include:

  • Antidepressants: SSRIs and other antidepressants may be used to treat depression or anxiety disorders stemming from cyberbullying.
  • Anxiolytics: For shortterm relief of acute anxiety symptoms, anxiolytics may be considered.
  • Sleep Aids: In cases of severe sleep disturbances caused by the stress of cyberbullying, shortterm use of sleep aids may be recommended.

Note: Medication should be used in conjunction with therapy and under the guidance of a healthcare professional, especially for young individuals.

Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT can help victims of cyberbullying challenge and change negative thought patterns, build resilience, and regain control over their emotions.

Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Mindfulness practices can help victims manage stress and anxiety resulting from cyberbullying, fostering emotional regulation and a sense of calm.

Support Groups: Joining support groups, either online or offline, allows victims to share their experiences, gain emotional support, and learn coping strategies from others facing similar challenges.

Psychoeducation: Educating students, parents, and teachers about the signs of cyberbullying, its effects on mental health, and how to intervene can empower communities to tackle this issue more effectively.

SchoolBased Interventions: Schools should create a safe and supportive environment by implementing antibullying policies, providing resources for students affected by cyberbullying, and promoting positive online behavior.

Legal Measures: In India, cyberbullying is punishable under laws such as the Information Technology Act. Educating students about their legal rights and how to report cyberbullying incidents can provide an additional layer of protection.

Conclusion

Cyberbullying is a growing concern in India’s digital age, with significant implications for the mental health of young people. The anonymous and pervasive nature of online harassment can cause deep psychological scars, making it essential to address this issue proactively. By promoting digital literacy, strengthening support systems, and providing access to mental health resources, India can better protect its youth from the harmful effects of cyberbullying.

Browse By Categories

Articles (100)

Academic Pressure

Posted on by Amit Kumar

Overview

Academic pressure in India is a multifaceted issue that stems from societal, parental, and educational expectations. The emphasis on academic achievement as a pathway to success creates an environment where students feel immense pressure to excel. This pressure often begins at a young age and intensifies during high school and college, leading to significant stress and anxiety. In extreme cases, academic pressure can result in severe mental health issues, including depression and suicidal ideation. The competitive nature of India’s education system, coupled with limited access to mental health resources, exacerbates the problem, making it a critical concern for students, parents, and educators.

Key Facts

  • Prevalence: Over 70% of Indian students report experiencing academic pressure, with higher rates observed among high school and college students.
  • Mental Health Impact: Academic pressure is a leading cause of stress, anxiety, depression, and even suicidal thoughts among students.
  • Parental Expectations: Nearly 85% of students feel pressured by their parents to perform well academically, contributing to mental health issues.
  • Competition: India’s highly competitive education system, with a focus on exams like JEE, NEET, and board exams, intensifies academic stress.
  • Consequences: Chronic academic pressure can lead to burnout, poor academic performance, and longterm mental health challenges.

Symptoms and Patterns

Academic pressure manifests in various ways, both physically and psychologically. Common symptoms include:

  • Emotional Symptoms: Feelings of overwhelm, anxiety, irritability, and low selfesteem.
  • Cognitive Symptoms: Difficulty concentrating, negative thinking, perfectionism, and fear of failure.
  • Physical Symptoms: Headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and changes in appetite.
  • Behavioral Symptoms: Procrastination, withdrawal from social activities, decreased motivation, and excessive studying or avoidance of studying.
  • Patterns: In India, academic pressure often peaks during exam seasons, leading to a surge in stressrelated symptoms. This pressure can also be continuous, with students constantly striving to meet expectations in daily academic performance.

Risks and Protective Factors

Risks:

  • Parental Expectations: High expectations from parents, particularly in achieving top grades or gaining admission to prestigious institutions, contribute significantly to academic pressure.
  • Competitive Environment: The fierce competition among peers, especially in entrance exams for engineering, medicine, and other professional courses, heightens stress levels.
  • Societal Pressure: The societal emphasis on academic success as a measure of self-worth and future security adds to the burden.
  • Limited Coping Skills: Students who lack effective coping mechanisms or emotional support are at higher risk of developing mental health issues due to academic pressure.
  • Lack of Mental Health Awareness: The stigma around mental health in India often prevents students from seeking help, exacerbating the effects of academic stress.

Protective Factors:

  • Supportive Family Environment: Families that prioritize emotional wellbeing over academic success can buffer the effects of academic pressure.
  • Effective Coping Strategies: Skills like time management, relaxation techniques, and seeking help when needed can reduce the impact of academic stress.
  • Peer Support: A strong network of friends and supportive classmates can provide emotional support during stressful times.
  • Mindfulness and Relaxation Practices: Techniques like yoga and meditation, which are culturally relevant in India, can help students manage stress more effectively.

Treatment and Care

Addressing academic pressure in India requires a holistic approach involving students, parents, and educators:

  • Counselling Services: Schools and colleges should provide access to counsellors who can help students manage stress, develop coping strategies, and build resilience.
  • Parental Education: Educating parents about the harmful effects of excessive academic pressure and encouraging them to support their children’s mental wellbeing.
  • Time Management and Study Skills: Teaching students how to manage their time effectively and develop healthy study habits can reduce the burden of academic pressure.
  • Mental Health Awareness Campaigns: Increasing awareness about mental health in educational institutions to reduce stigma and encourage students to seek help.
  • Mindfulness and Relaxation: Incorporating mindfulness practices, yoga, and relaxation exercises into the daily routine to help students manage stress.

 6. Medicines

Medication may be considered in severe cases where academic pressure leads to mental health issues like anxiety or depression. Common medications include:

  • Anxiolytics: These drugs may be prescribed for shortterm relief of severe anxiety related to academic stress.
  • Antidepressants: SSRIs and other antidepressants are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders that stem from chronic academic pressure.
  • Sleep Aids: For students suffering from sleep disturbances due to academic stress, shortterm use of sleep aids or natural supplements like melatonin may be recommended.
  • Ayurvedic Remedies: Herbal supplements like ashwagandha, known for its stressrelieving properties, are often used as a natural alternative in India.

 7. Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT helps students identify and change negative thought patterns related to academic pressure, fostering a healthier approach to challenges.

MindfulnessBased Stress Reduction (MBSR): This program, which includes mindfulness meditation and yoga, is effective in reducing stress and enhancing emotional regulation, making it particularly relevant in India.

Group Therapy and Peer Support: Group therapy sessions and peer support groups provide a space for students to share their experiences, reduce feelings of isolation, and learn from others facing similar challenges.

Psychoeducation: Educating students, parents, and teachers about the impact of academic pressure and promoting healthy coping mechanisms can prevent the escalation of stress.

SchoolBased Interventions: Schools can implement wellness programs, reduce the emphasis on competition, and promote a balanced approach to academics that values overall wellbeing.

Conclusion

Academic pressure is a significant issue in India’s mental health landscape, affecting millions of students across the country. The intense focus on academic achievement, driven by societal expectations and competitive pressures, can lead to severe mental health consequences. By fostering a supportive environment that prioritizes emotional wellbeing and provides access to mental health resources, India can help its students navigate academic challenges without compromising their mental health.

Browse By Categories

Articles

Stress

Posted on by Amit Kumar

Overview

Stress is an unavoidable part of life, but in India, it has become a significant public health concern. The country’s rapidly changing socioeconomic landscape, coupled with cultural expectations and high pressure environments, has led to a rise in stress levels across all age groups. Whether it’s the academic demands on students, the pressures of worklife balance for professionals, or financial stressors for families, stress impacts every aspect of life in India. Chronic stress can lead to severe mental health issues, making it imperative to address this challenge with a holistic approach.

Key Facts 

  • Prevalence: Nearly 89% of India’s population suffers from stress, with students, professionals, and homemakers being the most affected.
  • Impact on Mental Health: Chronic stress is a major contributor to mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse.
  • Workplace Stress: Around 80% of Indian employees report high levels of work related stress, particularly in the IT, finance, and healthcare sectors.
  • Academic Pressure: Over 70% of Indian students experience high levels of stress due to academic pressure and career expectations.
  • Consequences: Prolonged stress is linked to physical health issues such as hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, as well as mental health conditions.

Symptoms and Patterns

Stress manifests in a variety of ways, both physically and mentally. Common symptoms include:

  • Emotional Symptoms: Irritability, anxiety, depression, and mood swings.
  • Cognitive Symptoms: Difficulty concentrating, constant worry, memory problems, and negative thinking.
  • Physical Symptoms: Headaches, fatigue, muscle tension, stomach issues, and sleep disturbances.
  • Behavioral Symptoms: Changes in eating or sleeping habits, social withdrawal, procrastination, and substance use.
  • Patterns: In India, stress often follows a cyclical pattern where periods of high pressure (e.g., exam seasons, project deadlines) lead to acute stress, which, if unmanaged, can become chronic.

Risks and Protective Factors

Risks:

  • Academic Pressure: Intense competition and parental expectations can lead to chronic stress among students.
  • Workplace Demands: Long working hours, unrealistic targets, and job insecurity are significant stressors for professionals.
  • Financial Strain: Economic challenges, including debt and the high cost of living, contribute to stress in families.
  • Cultural Expectations: Societal pressures related to marriage, career success, and family obligations often lead to stress, particularly for women.
  • Mental Health Stigma: Fear of judgment or discrimination prevents many from seeking help for stressrelated issues.

Protective Factors:

  • Strong Social Support: Closeknit family and community ties can provide emotional and practical support during stressful times.
  • Cultural Practices: Yoga, meditation, and spiritual practices, deeply embedded in Indian culture, offer valuable tools for stress management.
  • Resilience and Coping Skills: Building resilience through positive thinking, problemsolving, and adaptability can help manage stress.
  • WorkLife Balance: Employers promoting worklife balance and mental wellbeing can significantly reduce workplace stress.

 

Treatment and Care

Effective stress management in India requires a combination of individual and systemic approaches:

  • Stress Management Programs: Workshops and training on stress management techniques, such as time management, mindfulness, and relaxation exercises, can be highly beneficial.
  • Counseling and Therapy: Access to mental health professionals who can provide cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT), stress counseling, and other therapeutic interventions.
  • Community Support: Leveraging community resources, such as support groups, religious organizations, and NGOs, to offer guidance and assistance.
  • Lifestyle Changes: Encouraging regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep to improve overall wellbeing and reduce stress levels.
  • Awareness Campaigns: Promoting mental health awareness to reduce stigma and encourage people to seek help when needed.

 

Medicines

Medication may be prescribed for stress when it leads to more severe mental health issues, such as anxiety or depression. Common medications include:

  • Anxiolytics: These drugs, such as benzodiazepines, help manage anxiety and are sometimes prescribed for shortterm stress relief.
  • Antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other antidepressants are used to treat stressrelated depression and anxiety.
  • BetaBlockers: These medications are sometimes used to manage physical symptoms of stress, such as rapid heartbeat or high blood pressure.
  • OvertheCounter Remedies: Herbal supplements like ashwagandha and brahmi, rooted in Ayurveda, are popular for managing stress naturally in India.

 

Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is an effective treatment for stress, helping individuals recognize and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to stress.

MindfulnessBased Stress Reduction (MBSR): This program combines mindfulness meditation and yoga to help people manage stress and improve their mental wellbeing. Given the cultural relevance of these practices in India, MBSR is gaining popularity.

Support Groups: Peer support groups provide a space for individuals to share their experiences and coping strategies, reducing the sense of isolation that often accompanies stress.

Psychoeducation: Educating individuals and communities about stress, its effects, and coping strategies can empower them to manage stress more effectively.

Workplace Interventions: Initiatives such as flexible work hours, employee assistance programs, and wellness activities can help mitigate workplace stress.

 

Conclusion

Stress is a pervasive issue in India’s mental health landscape, affecting individuals across all walks of life. Addressing stress requires a multifaceted approach that includes awareness, education, lifestyle changes, and professional support. By promoting mental wellbeing and equipping people with effective stress management tools, India can take significant strides in improving the mental health of its population.

Browse By Categories

Articles

Sleep Deprivation:

Posted on by Amit Kumar

Overview

Sleep deprivation is increasingly recognized as a significant public health issue in India. It’s not merely
about insufficient hours of sleep but also poor sleep quality, interrupted sleep, and irregular sleep
patterns. Factors such as the highpressure work culture, academic stress, exposure to digital screens,
and urban lifestyle changes have contributed to a rise in sleeprelated disorders. In the context of
mental health, sleep deprivation can both trigger and worsen psychological issues, leading to a vicious
cycle that impacts daily functioning and quality of life.

Key Facts

  • Prevalence: Sleep disorders affect 93% of the Indian population to varying degrees, with urban areas being the most impacted.
  • Impact on Mental Health: Chronic sleep deprivation is linked to anxiety, depression, and mood
    disorders, exacerbating mental health conditions.
  • Age Group: Although all age groups are affected, the highest incidence is observed among
    adolescents and young adults.
  • Work Related Stress: Sleep issues are particularly common among IT professionals, healthcare workers, and students.
  • Consequences: Prolonged sleep deprivation can lead to cognitive decline, impaired judgment,
    and increased risk of accidents.

Symptoms and Patterns

The symptoms of sleep deprivation in the Indian context often go unnoticed due to the normalization
of fatigue and stress. Common symptoms include:

  • Daytime Sleepiness: Persistent tiredness, falling asleep during the day.
  • Cognitive Impairment: Difficulty concentrating, memory lapses, and decisionmaking problems.
  • Mood Changes: Irritability, mood swings, increased anxiety, and depressive symptoms.
  • Physical Symptoms: Headaches, weakened immune response, and muscle pain.
  • Sleep Patterns: Insomnia, frequent waking during the night, or irregular sleep schedules due to work or study commitments.

Risks and Protective Factors

Risks

  • HighPressure Environments: The demanding work and academic pressures in urban India contribute significantly to sleep deprivation.
  • Technology Use: Excessive screen time, particularly before bedtime, disrupts sleep patterns.
  • Cultural Factors: The cultural acceptance of overworking and undersleeping as a sign of productivity.
  • Mental Health Conditions: Existing mental health issues like anxiety, depression, or stress disorders can worsen sleep deprivation.

Protective Factors:

  • Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Practices such as meditation and yoga, deeply rooted in Indian tradition, can improve sleep quality.
  • Social Support: Strong family and community networks provide emotional support that can alleviate stress and improve sleep.
  • Healthy Sleep Hygiene: Regular sleep schedules, reduced screen time, and a conducive sleep environment can protect against sleep deprivation.

Treatment and Care

Addressing sleep deprivation in India requires a multifaceted approach:

  • Sleep Hygiene Education: Promoting awareness about good sleep practices, especially among students and professionals.
  • Stress Management: Implementing stress reduction techniques such as mindfulness, yoga, and relaxation exercises.
  • Regular Sleep Routine: Encouraging consistent sleep and wake times, even on weekends.
  • Therapeutic Support: Counseling and therapy to address underlying mental health issues contributing to sleep problems.
  • Digital Detox: Limiting screen exposure, especially before bedtime, to improve sleep quality.

Medicines

In India, medication for sleep disorders is often prescribed cautiously due to the risk of dependency.
Common medications include:

  • Benzodiazepines: Prescribed for short term use to treat severe insomnia or anxiety related sleep issues.
  • NonBenzodiazepine Hypnotics: Such as zolpidem, are used to improve sleep initiation with fewer side effects.
  • Antidepressants: Low doses of certain antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) may be used to address sleep disturbances linked to depression or anxiety.
  • Melatonin Supplements: Increasingly popular as a safer alternative to improve sleep, especially in cases of jet lag or shift work sleep disorder.
  •  

Psychological and Psychosocial Interventions

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI): A structured program that helps people change thoughts and behaviors that cause or worsen sleep problems. This method is increasingly recognized in India as an effective non pharmacological treatment.
  • MindfulnessBased Interventions: Mindfulness meditation and yoga are integral to Indian culture and have shown promise in improving sleep quality by reducing stress and enhancing relaxation.
  • Support Groups and Counseling: Peer support groups and counseling services can provide emotional support and practical advice, particularly for those dealing with chronic stress or mental health issues.
  • Lifestyle Modifications: Encouraging lifestyle changes, such as reducing caffeine intake, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a balanced diet, can significantly impact sleep quality.

Conclusion

Sleep deprivation is a growing concern in India's mental health landscape, affecting millions across the
country. The connection between sleep and mental health is profound, necessitating comprehensive
strategies that incorporate education, therapeutic interventions, and lifestyle changes. By addressing
sleep deprivation holistically, India can take a crucial step toward improving the mental wellbeing of
its population.

Browse By Categories

Articles (100)

Anxiety Disorders

Posted on by Ravi Kumar

Overview

Everyone can feel anxious sometimes, but people with anxiety disorders often experience fear and worry that is both intense and excessive. These feelings are typically accompanied by physical tension and other behavioural and cognitive symptoms. They are difficult to control, cause significant distress and can last a long time if untreated. Anxiety disorders interfere with daily activities and can impair a person’s family, social and school or working life.

An estimated 4% of the global population currently experience an anxiety disorder (1). In 2019, 301 million people in the world had an anxiety disorder, making anxiety disorders the most common of all mental disorders (1).

Although highly effective treatments for anxiety disorders exist, only about 1 in 4 people in need (27.6%) receive any treatment (2). Barriers to care include lack of awareness that this is a treatable health condition, lack of investment in mental health services, lack of trained health care providers, and social stigma.

Key facts

  • Anxiety disorders are the world’s most common mental disorders, affecting 301 million people in 2019.
  • More women are affected by anxiety disorders than men.
  • Symptoms of anxiety often have onset during childhood or adolescence.
  • There are highly effective treatments for anxiety disorders.
  • Approximately 1 in 4 people with anxiety disorders receive treatment for this condition.

 

Symptoms and patterns

People with an anxiety disorder may experience excessive fear or worry about a specific situation (for example, a panic attack or social situation) or, in the case of generalized anxiety disorder, about a broad range of everyday situations. They typically experience these symptoms over an extended period – at least several months. Usually they avoid the situations that make them anxious.

Other symptoms of anxiety disorders may include:

  • trouble concentrating or making decisions
  • feeling irritable, tense or restless
  • experiencing nausea or abdominal distress
  • having heart palpitations
  • sweating, trembling or shaking
  • trouble sleeping
  • having a sense of impending danger, panic or doom.

Anxiety disorders increase the risk for depression and substance use disorders as well as the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviours.

There are several different kinds of anxiety disorders, including:

  • generalized anxiety disorder (persistent and excessive worry about daily activities or events);
  • panic disorder (panic attacks and fear of continued panic attacks);
  • social anxiety disorder (high levels of fear and worry about social situations that might make the person feel humiliated, embarrassed or rejected);
  • agoraphobia (excessive fear, worry and avoidance of situations that might cause a person to panic or feel trapped, helpless or embarrassed);
  • separation anxiety disorder (excessive fear or worry about being separated from people with whom the person has a deep emotional bond);
  • specific phobias (intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations that lead to avoidance behaviour and significant distress); and
  • selective mutism (consistent inability to speak in certain social situations, despite the ability to speak comfortably in other settings, primarily affecting children).

People may experience more than one anxiety disorder at the same time. Symptoms often begin during childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood. Girls and women are more likely to experience an anxiety disorder than boys and men.

Contributing factors and prevention

Anxiety disorders, like other mental health conditions, result from a complex interaction of social, psychological and biological factors. Anyone can have an anxiety disorder, but people who have lived through abuse, severe losses or other adverse experiences are more likely to develop one.

Anxiety disorders are closely related to and affected by physical health. Many of the impacts of anxiety (such as physical tension, nervous system hyperactivity or harmful use of alcohol) are also known risk factors for diseases such as cardiovascular disease. In turn, people with these diseases may also find themselves experiencing anxiety disorders due to the difficulties associated with managing their conditions.

Effective community based approaches to prevent anxiety include parental education and school-based programmes to enhance social and emotional learning and build positive coping in children and adolescents. Exercise programmes can also be effective in preventing anxiety disorders in adults.

Diagnosis and treatment

There are several effective treatments for anxiety disorders. People with symptoms of anxiety should seek care.

Psychological interventions are essential treatments for anxiety disorders and refer primarily to talk therapy with professionals or supervised lay therapists. These interventions can help people learn new ways of thinking, coping or relating to their anxiety, to others or to the world. They can teach people how to face the situations, events, people or places that trigger their anxiety.

Psychological interventions can be provided to individuals or groups, in person or online. They may also be accessed through self-help manuals, websites and apps. The psychological interventions with the most evidence for treating a range of anxiety disorders are those based on principles of cognitive-behavioural therapy. These include exposure therapy, during which people learn to face their fears.

In addition, learning stress management skills, such as relaxation skills and mindfulness skills, can help reduce symptoms of anxiety disorders.

Antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can also be useful in treating adults with anxiety disorders. Health-care providers should keep in mind the possible adverse effects associated with antidepressant medication, the ability to deliver either intervention (in terms of expertise, and/or treatment availability), and individual preferences.

Benzodiazepines, which have historically been prescribed for anxiety disorders, are generally not recommended for anxiety disorders because of their high potential for dependence as well as their limited long-term effectiveness.

Self-care

Self-care can play an important role in supporting treatment. To help manage your symptoms of anxiety and promote your overall well-being, you can:

  • avoid or cut down on alcohol and don’t use illicit drugs, which can make anxiety worse;
  • exercise regularly, even if it’s just a short walk;
  • stick to regular eating and sleeping habits as much as possible and eat a healthy diet;
  • learn relaxation techniques, such as slow breathing and progressive muscle relaxation; and
  • develop the habit of mindfulness meditation, even if it’s just a few minutes per day.

Browse By Categories

Articles (100)

Bipolar Disorder

Posted on by Ravi Kumar

Overview

In 2019, approximately 1 in 150 adults (40 million people, or 0.53% of the global population) were living with bipolar disorder (1). The condition is primarily observed among working-age people, but also in youth. While the prevalence of bipolar disorder among men and women is approximately equal, available data indicate that women are more often diagnosed.

Worldwide, the treatment coverage for people with bipolar disorder is low. Both men and women are often misdiagnosed. Many lack access to services and recommended interventions, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Stigma and discrimination against people with bipolar disorder are widespread, both in communities and health services. This can undermine access to health care. It also fuels social exclusion and can limit opportunities for education, employment and housing.

Bipolar disorder is one of the leading causes of disability globally as it can affect many areas of life. People with bipolar disorder may experience strained relationships, problems at school or work, and difficulties in carrying out daily activities. Having bipolar disorder also increases the risk of suicide and of developing anxiety and substance use disorders.

People with bipolar disorder are more likely to smoke, use alcohol, have a physical health condition (e.g. cardiovascular or respiratory disease), and experience difficulties in accessing health care. On average, people with bipolar disorder die more than 10 years earlier than the general population (2).

 

Key facts

  • Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that affects a person’s mood, energy, activity and thought and is characterized by manic (or hypomanic) and depressive episodes.
  • An estimated 40 million people live with bipolar disorder worldwide.
  • Bipolar disorder is associated with significant disability and difficulties in many areas of life.
  • Many people with bipolar disorder are misdiagnosed or untreated and experience discrimination and stigma.
  • There are a range of effective care options, which combine medicines and psychosocial interventions to help people with bipolar disorder stay well.

Symptoms and patterns

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by mood swings from one extreme to another.

During a manic episode, a person experiences an extremely high mood with lots of energy (feeling very happy, excited, overactive). They may have a sense of euphoria, sudden shifts in mood or an excess of emotion (uncontrollable laughing or feeling much more irritable, agitated or restless than usual).

In manic episodes, the changes in mood and activities are accompanied by other characteristic symptoms, which may include:

  • highly inflated sense of self-worth or self-esteem;
  • talking quickly and rapidly shifting from one idea to the next;
  • having trouble concentrating and being easily distracted;
  • decreased need for sleep;
  • reckless or risk-taking behaviour, for example overspending, risky sexual activity, drinking, or harming oneself or others; and
  • fixed and mistaken grandiose or persecutory beliefs in something untrue (e.g. “I am a very famous person”, “My neighbour is spying on me”).

On the contrary, during a depressive episode, a person experiences a depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable, empty). They may feel a loss of interest or pleasure in activities that they had previously enjoyed.

Other symptoms are also present, which may include:

  • poor concentration
  • feelings of excessive guilt or low self-worth
  • hopelessness about the future
  • thoughts about dying or suicide
  • disrupted sleep
  • changes in appetite or weight
  • feeling very tired or low in energy.

A depressive episode is different from mood fluctuations commonly experienced by most people, in that the symptoms last most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks.

Both manic and depressive episodes can cause significant difficulties in all aspects of life, including at home, work and school. They may require specialized care to prevent the person from doing harm to themselves or others.

Some people with bipolar disorder may experience what are called hypomanic episodes. Hypomanic episodes involve similar symptoms to manic episodes, but the symptoms are less intense and do not typically disrupt the person’s ability to function to the same extent.

There are two main types of bipolar disorder, depending on patterns of manic or hypomanic and depressive episodes.

  • People with bipolar type I disorder experience one or more manic episodes interspaced with episodes of depression which usually become more common over time (compared with manic episodes).
  • People with bipolar type II disorder have had one or more hypomanic episodes and at least one depressive episode, but no history of manic episodes.

Risks and protective factors

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. Several factors – including biological (e.g. genetic), psychological, social and structural factors – may contribute to its onset, trajectory and outcomes.

Adverse circumstances or life-altering events can trigger or exacerbate the symptoms of bipolar disorder. These may include bereavement, violence or the breakdown of a relationship. The use of alcohol or drugs can also influence the onset and trajectory of bipolar disorder.

Although employment can be a source of stress for people living with bipolar disorder, it can also be protective. Under good working conditions, and when supported at their workplace with reasonable adjustments, employment can promote recovery by improving functioning, reducing symptoms and leading to a higher quality of life and improved self-esteem.

Treatment and care

Even though symptoms often recur, recovery is possible. With appropriate care, people with bipolar disorder can cope with their symptoms and live meaningful and productive lives.

There are a range of effective treatment options, typically a mix of medicines and psychological and psychosocial interventions. Medicines are considered essential for treatment, but themselves are usually insufficient to achieve full recovery. People with bipolar disorder should be treated with respect and dignity and should be meaningfully involved in care choices, including through shared decision-making regarding treatment and care, balancing effectiveness, side-effects and individual preferences.

Medicines

People with bipolar disorder need treatment and care across acute episodes of mania and depression and when indicated, longer-term treatment to prevent relapse.

Mood stabilizers (such as lithium, valproate) and antipsychotics are proven to help manage acute mania. Lithium prescription requires clinical and laboratory monitoring. Girls and women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or have childbearing potential should not use valproate. Lithium and carbamazepine also need to be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding whenever possible.

Antidepressants should not be taken during a manic episode and they may be combined with mood stabilizers or antipsychotics during episodes of depression.

Some medicines for bipolar disorder can make people feel sleepy, have involuntary muscle spasms or tremors, or experience metabolic changes (e.g. involving weight gain). These side effects can affect adherence to treatment and should be monitored and managed.

Adults with bipolar disorder who are in complete remission (no symptoms) usually need to continue with mood stabilizers or antipsychotic medicines for at least six months. Those experiencing multiple episodes of mania and depression will usually require longer-term treatment to minimize relapses.

Psychological and psychosocial interventions

People with bipolar disorder can benefit from lifestyle changes involving regular sleep, physical activity, a healthy diet, reduction of stressors, and mood monitoring.

Psychological interventions (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal therapy, psychoeducation) can effectively reduce depressive symptoms and the possibility of them coming back.

Family psychoeducation can also help families understand and support their loved one better. Support from family and friends is very important. Support groups – where people can receive encouragement, learn coping skills, and share experiences – can be helpful to people with bipolar disorder and their families.

Recovery-oriented psychosocial interventions include supported employment, supported housing, peer support, and social and life skills training. They serve to promote hope and to support the autonomy, personal empowerment and social inclusion of people with bipolar disorder.

Medicines and psychological or psychosocial interventions should be tailored to the needs of the person and combined for best outcomes.

Similar Blogs You Can Refer

    Browse By Categories

    Articles (100)

    Book An Appointment with Therapist

    Book Appointment

    Topics A-Z

    Revolutionizing mental healthcare through innovative technology solutions.

    Follow Us

    Icon-twitter Icon-instagram-1 Icon-linkedin Icon-facebook

    © 2025 MantraMinds. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. MantraMinds does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information.